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VEERAN GOPAL,
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DATE: 7-06-2010
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ANCIENT TAMIL`S GIFT TO THE WORLD
("COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF NUMBERS")


There is no other language in the world equal to tamil number names. Next comes English. These two have scientific number names.This we cannot find in any other universal languages.We will discuss in detail.

One day I saw the article titled “Story of the Numbers “in the monthly magazine Unesco Courier. There were numerous scientific evidences, even though it was called a story. World scientists had done a good job. It is very Praise worthy. But there are other evidences that have not come to the people. Now I will open the door. That will be the shortened version of this book. Perhaps those evidences may bring out anger in some and Insecurity in others. Some persons may emit lava.

Numbers occur everywhere in our day - to - day life. Many Scientists have given various news about the numbers. Some of them have delt deeply and some have delt superficially. “Numbers are in everything” said Pythagoras, “Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences, and theory of numbers is the Queen of Mathematics” said carl Frendrich Gauss. “God created the natural numbers and all the rest is the work of man” exclaimed Kronecker, a German Mathematician. I think universe, infinitive, Science, Colour, Rays and everythink are in basis with calculation.


1. Language - Bloomfield Page 279
2. The science of the Language - Abel Hovelace Page 134
3. Sayce Introdution Sceince of language - Page 410

All these books have recorded the people’s knowledge of numbers. Let us consider a few :
• In America, the ancient people called Algonquin can count only upto five. For ten they say five in excess.

• South Americans, the ancient puris, called more than three as many.

• The ancient people who live in Victoria have their language where they count one and two number names. Apart from that the people do not know any other numbers.

• People of New Holland do not known more than two.

• In Danish they count by twenties, and these come into force like that.

• Kham Bushman knew only upto three. For four they called two twos.

• In French there is no name for seventy. On the contrary they call it three twenties and ten.

Likewise there were numerical confusions in profusion. There were some people who were clear in mathematics. Let us look into those:

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9………. These numerals fill the world. Irrespective of caste, Community, Country and language they are now being studied everywhere. Researchers have considered that 1-2-3….. are the first letter of certain words in some language or the other. This theory is wrong according to my opinion.

Before Aryans entered into India, through India and Afkanistan also Tamil flourished, after coming here Aryans learnt the art of writing from Tamils.

“In the beginning, in Aryan language there were words for one to ten upto hundred. Afterwards when languages became independent the word: “Sagasara” for thousand developed. “ The words for numbers denoted what and how they arose could not be clearly known ”, thus wrote P.S. Subramania Sastry in his “History of Northern Language”.

There are three thousand or more languages being spoken in the world. Some of them have script and some have not .But very very few have numeral figures.

The Tamil numerals had certain separate forms. Rockcut inscriptions and ancient literatures prove this.

“Numeral and letter are both eye of living beings “
(KURAL: 392 athikaram: 40)

Tamils learnt the art of counting (numerals) first. This they called mathematics (Kanakku). They gave figures to indicate it. This mathematics had only a few figures. But alphabetic has more letters, so, it was called lengthy mathematics. (Nedung Kanakku)

Before the birth of Christ, the Tamils had an extensive trade relationship with abroad. They would have used their mathematical ability for mercantile economics. Thus the Tamils would have imparted their mathematical knowledge to European countries. None the less nothing is known about this aspect.

From time immemorial the Tamils have known One- Ten- Hundred-Thousand-Ten Ten hundred-Ten Hundred Thousand-Hundred Hundred Thousand they know how to count. In no other language in the world such number nomenclature exists. Let us look at a few examples:-

ENGLISH
One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten - all these are in order. Next comes “Eleven”. This word eleven cannot be categorised into any scheme. This hangs in mid air like an apple.

If we take ELEV+ONE = ELEVEN, The following numbers should be ELEVE+TWO, ELEVE+THREE, ELEVE+FOUR, ELEVE+FIVE……..Otherwise TEN+ONE=TENONE or TEONE, TEN+TWO=TENTWO or TETWO, TEN+THREE=TENTHREE or TETHREE, TEN+FOUR or TENFOUR, or TEFOUR, TEN+FIVE=TENFIVE or TEFIVE………… should be the order. But it is not so. It is Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, Fifteen and such. They are exception to counting science from eleven to nineteen this order exists.

The names of numbers after twenty in English may have been learnt from Dravidians. I Think so. Because next to Dravidians only in English are there correct names for numbers. Twenty One, Twenty Two, Twenty Three………. again join the mainstream of Dravidians. The number names from Eleven to nineteen can be changed in English. This will remove inaccuracies. Any one can do this.


Tamil is the most highly cultivated language and possess the richest stores of
indigenous literature. Max Muller.



HINDI :

Even in this after Ten the number names are in disorder.
Gyara 1+10=11
Bara 2+10=12
Thera 3+10=13
Soudha 4+10=14
Pandra 5+10=15
Here too, like English, small numbers comes in first and big numbers come behind.

While looking at Sanskrit, number names and their Pronunciation it appears that it might have been derived from Dravidian languages. Basing on this, idea I compare it with Dravidian names.

DRAVIDIAN NUMBER ONE :
BERJI - OKUT, OKTI
NAIKKI - OKKO(D)
MALAYALAM - ONNU, ONRU
TULU - ONJI
KODAGU - ONDI
KANNADAM - ONDU, O-R, ONE-U
TELUGU - OKA, ONDU, OKATTI, ONE-THU
TODA - WIP, VODD-O
KOTA - OD, VODDE.O-JI, OO-R
BADAKA - VON-DU
KOLAMI - OKKO D
MALTO - OND
KNONDI - UNDI
GODABA - URKU, UNRI
TAMIL - ONRU, ORU, OTTHAI, ONE-NU. OREE, ONDU, ONDI,
OTRAI.
The Dravidian names “Oru, Oka” has became ‘Ohka’ and ‘AKA-AAKAM’ in Sanskrit. In Hindi it has became ‘AKE’.






Other languages which sound like Dravidians

KOREAN - HAN
IRISH - AEN
ENGLISH - ONE
LATIN - UN-US
FRENCH - UN
SPANISH - UN-O
OLD NORSE - EINN
GERMAN - EIN
AFRICAN - EAN
GOTHIC - AIN-S
DUTCH - EEN
JAPANESE - HITTSU
MANGOL - OKAN, NIKEN
FINNISH - YHDEN
ITALI - UN-O
GREEK - ENA
RUSSIAN - Ad. Na, Ad, jin
POLISH - YEDNOO
ANGLOSAXON - A:N
DANISH - EEN


DRAVIDIAN NUMBER NAMES : TWO

KODAKU - THANDU
BRAHUI - ERAT, IRAT
MALAYALAM - YENDU, IRANDU
KOTA - E, IR, EER, EYD.
TELUGU - RANDU, INTHA – RU
KANNADAM - ERADU, EE-R
TULU - E-RADU, RADDU
KURUMBA - ERADU
KHONDI - REND
TODA - E.D.
NAIKKI - ERANDI
GONDA - RUNDI
GODABA - INDI, IDDIG
MONDA - RI
TAMIL - IIR, IRU, IRAT, ERRANDU

Number Names “Indi, Ri” turned into Sanskrit ‘Dvi’. In Hindi ‘Errandu’ had it front portion removed and the back part ‘Du’ changed as ‘Dho’

Other languages which sound like Dravidians

IRISH - A-DO
ENGLIH - TWO
LATIN - DU-O
ITALY - DU-E
SPANISH - DO-S
PORTUEGESE - DO-ISH
MANDARIN (CHINESE) - EER
NUPIAN - ORPE
KOREAN - IRU
DANISH - TO

DRAVIDIAN NUMBER NAME: THREE

TELUGU - MOODU, MORRU
KODAGU - MUUNDI, MOONDU
BADEGA - MURU
KANNADAM - MOORU
TODA - MUUDU, MUURU
TULU - MUJI
GODABA - MUDU, MUND
BRAHUI - MOOSIT
GONDA - MUNDARI
KHONDI - MU: ND
KOTA - MU: ND
MALAYALAM - MU: NRU
KOLAMI - MUNDIN
NAIKKI - MUNDI
BERJI - MOONTRI
MONDA - MOONTHI
TAMIL - MU, MOO, MOONTRU, THIRI, MOONU, MUMMAI

In the front syllable from ‘MOONTRI’ reduced and became ‘TRI’ in Sanskrit ‘TISRA’ ‘Thrayaha’. ‘MOONTRU’ in Hindi the back syllable reduced and MOON - became theen.

Other languages which sound like ‘Dravidians.
BASQUE - HIRU
LATIN - TREE-S
POLISH - TRI – 1
GREEK - TRIA, TREIS
ITALY - TRE
ENGLISH - THREE
NORSE - THRI – R
GAELIC - TRI
IRISH - A – TRI
NARWEGEAN - TRE
GERMAN - DRE -1
FRENCH - TRO1 - S
GOTHIC - TRI – J1
DUTCH - DREE
SPANISH - TRE – S
PORTUEGESE - TRE – S
RUSSIAN - TRY 1
SLAVIC - TRIYE
CHINESE (MANDARIN) - SAN
SINHALESE - TUNEU

DRAVIDIAN NUMBER NAME : FOUR
KANNADAM - NAAL, NALLKU, NAAKU
TELUGU - NAAIUGU, NAALKU
MALAYALAM - NAAL-, NAANGU
URAOAN - NAKH, NAAKH, UTAN
KURUMBA - NALKU
KURGI - NAAL – U
GODABA - NAALUGU
KODAGU - NAALI
TULU - NAAi
KOLAMI - NAALING, NALN
TODA - NAANK, NAAL, NO, NONG
KHOND - NAIGI
KOTA - NAAKE, NANG, NAL, NAN, NAAR
BRAHUI - CHER
BADAGA - NAIKU
BERJI - NA – LU (K)
GONDA - NA – LGI, NAIUNG
TAMIL - NAAL, NANGU, NAALU

‘NA-LU’ become ‘SATHU’ and ‘SATHUR’ in Sanskrit . The Dravidian name in Hindi ‘CHER’ became CHAAR.

In Other languages also four sounds, like in Dravidian languages.
GEORGIAN - ONGU
FINNISH - NEL-YA
MONGOLIAN - NILLA
ENGLILSH - FOUR
DUTCH - VIER
NORWEGIAN - FIER
GERMAN - VIOR
ANGLO-SAXON - FEEOWER

DRAVIDIAN NUMBER NAME : FIVE
MALAYALAM - ANJU
TELUGU - AIDU, EA-NU
KODAGU - ANJI
KANNADAM - AIDU
BEDEGA - EIDU, EiiDU
KURUMBA - EIDU
TULU - A-YINU, AYIN, AINTU
BRAHUI - PANG
KURGI - ANJU
NAIKKI - SENDI, PANCH
KADABA - SING, SAING
KOTA - A, AL, AM, ANJE
TODA - ANJE, iiJ, OO-J I-i
BERJI - CE; DUK
KOLAMI - AIDU
URAOAN - PANJE
RAJMAHAL - PANCH
KHONDU - PANCHU
BRAHUI - PANJ
TAMIL - AI, ANCHI, ANCHU, AINTHU

‘ANJU’ Panje, panch, panch were truned into Vedic language ‘PANSA’ and in Sanskrit ‘PANJ-N’. It Changed ‘PAANCH’ In Hindi.

OTHER LANGUAGES WHICH SOUND LIKE DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES.

LATIN - PENT-E, CEIN-K
RUSSIAN - PYATY
BASQUE - BORTZ
ITALY - CINQUE
SPANISH - CIN-CO
FRENCH - CIN-Q
LITHUVANIAN - PEN-K
FINNISH - WU-Si
ENGLISH - FIVE

DRAVIDISAN NUMBER NAME : SIX
KHOND - SO
KOTA - AARE, ARE
KOOi - SAJ, SA-JGi
KODAGU - AARI
KANNADAM - AARU, ARE
KURUMBA - AARU
MALAYALAM - AARU
KURGI - AA-R, AARU
BEDEGA - AARU
BRAHUI - SHA - SH
TODA - A-RO, AA-R
TELUGU - AARU
NAIKKI - SAJKI, Sa-he
GONDI - Sa – rung, S-aru-g
TAMIL - ARU, AARU

The Dravidian original root is ‘Saaru’ and now the ‘S’ is omitted to have ‘Aaru’ as its root. (Dravadian Origin and the West - Lahawari). The number name ‘Sha-sh’ changed as ‘CHE’ in Sanskrit and Hindi ‘Chaa’.

OTHER LANGUAGES WHICH SOUND LIKE DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES.

ARABIC - Si – teh
COPTIC (EGPT) - So
GAELIC - SE
GERMAN - SECHS
VIATNAM - SO-SAU, SAU
AKKADIAN - SHE-SHSH
SUMERIAN - A-SH
HEBREW - S-IS
JAPANESE - RO-KU
LATIN - Se-X
GREEK - HE-X
ENGLISH - SIX
FRENCH - SI-X
SPANISH - SEI-S
GOTHIC - SAI-KS
AFRICAAN - SE-S
BER-BER - SE-Z
SANSKRIT - SAS

DRA VIDIAN NUMBER NAME; SEVEN
KOTA - AA1,AA-L
TODA - AA-IV, O-IV
KHOND - ERUNG, SATA
TULU - Een, eelu,el
URAOAN - SAT
RAJMAHAL - SATH
KURUMBA - YELLU
KODAGU - ELI
KURGI - ELU
KOLAMI - YED
GONDI - Yelu, yedulg, ye-nu
GADABA - YEGU, VOGU
BADEGA - YELLU, Y-LEN
TELUGU - Eadu, Eall
KANNADAM - EA, EELU
KOOi - ERUNG
MALAYALAM - E-LU, EELLU
TAMIL - EEZH, EZHU, EA-ZHU
The word ‘sath’ changed in Sanskrit as sapptha and Hindi took directly the Dravidian name “sath”.

OTHER LANGUAGES WHICH SOUND LIKE DRAVIDIAN :

TURKIS - YEH
ARABIC - SEB-A
AFRICAN - SEB+E
ITALY - SETT-E
TIBETAN - BELUN

Tamil scholars said ‘EEL’ is the proto Dravidian root. But’ scholar Lahawari indendified
as ‘S+EEL’.

DRAVIDIAN NUMBER NAME-EIGHT

BEDEGA - YETTU
KOTA - ET, YEETE
KODAGU - ETTI
TULU - ENMA
KOHNDI - AN – AMUR
BRAHUI - HASHT, AT- AH
MALAYALAM - ETTU
TELUGU - EN-AME, EMMITHI, ENIMITHI
KANNADAM - ENDU, ENTTU
TODA - OT
KOLAMI - ENUMIDI
GADABA - ENIMIDI
TAMIL - ENN, ETTU
‘ETTU’ is changed in Sanskrit as ‘Asta’ and in Hindi is ‘AAT’,

OTHER LANGUAGES WHICH SOUND LIKE DRAVIDIAN :

SLAVIC - VETI
ENGLISH - EIGHT
AFRICAN - AGT, AG
LATIN - OCT-O, OCT-OO
GREEK - OKT-O, OKHT-O
GERMEN - ACHT
GOTHIC - AHT-AN
IRISH - H-OCHT
SPANISH - OCH-O
DUTCH - ACHT
FRENCH - H-UIT
NORWEGIAN - ATT-E
PORTUGESSE - OIT-O
ITTALY - OTTO
LOAS - P-ET
AHOM - P-ET
SIAMESE - PET, TET
KHAMPTI - P-ECT
MANGOLIAN - SITERATA
(Africa) NUPRIN - EDDO
BURMESE - SHY-HT, SHYTT
TIBETAN - BRG-YUD, G-UD
JAPANESE - YATT-SU, DOCH - DE
CHINESE (SHAN) - T-ET
COPTIC - S-MN
THAI - PA-ED
PALLI - ATT-A
SANSKRIT - AST-AN, AST-AA
SINHALESE - AT-A1
PUSTO - AT-AH
DANISH - OTTE

The sound of Tamil number name “ EIGHT ” Occurs in various languages in the world.

DRAVIDIAN NUMBER NAME : NINE

TULU - ORMBO
GADABA - TOMMIDI
KODAGU - THOMPATHI, OIMPATHI
TELUGU - THOMITHI
KANNADAM - OMBATHTHU , OMBATTU
MALAYAM - OMBATHU
TODA - ONPAD, AN-PATH, WINBOO, AAN-INBO
KOTA - VORUPADE
KURUMBA - V OMBOTTU
KURGI - OIMPATHU
BEDAGA - VOBATTU
GONDI - NO, NAU
RAJMAHAL - NAU
KOLAMI - NAW
KHOND - NOGATTA
BRAHUI - NUK, NAH
TAMIL - THONDU, ONBATHU
Dravidian Number name’s “ No. NAU, NAH, NOGATTA” were changed in Sanskrit as “NAVA and NAVAOM”. Hindi took “New” from Kolami.

Other Languages which sound like Dravidian

LATIN - NAVEM
PORTUEGESE - NOVE
ITALY - NOVE
DUTCH - NEGEN
GERMAN - NEUN
FRECH - NUEF
IRISH - NAOI
SPANISH - NUEVE
ENGLISH - NINE
NARWAY - NI
AFRIKANN - NEGE
GOTHIC - NIUN
THAI - KAO
BURMA - KO
VIATNAMESE - DO – CHIN
SIAMESE - KAU, KAUT
LAOS - KEW
AHOM - KAAW

DRAVIDIAN NUMBER NAME : TEN
TODA - PAD, PATH
RAJMAHAL - DAS
KHOND - DOSO
KOLAMI - DAGA
GONDI - PONN, PADA, DAHA
MALAYALAM - PATHTHU
TELUGU - PATHI, MITHI
KANNADAM - HATHU, PATHI, PATHIN, PATTU, VATTU
KURGI - PATHU, POTH, WAAD, PODIN, PO, PONN,
VATH, PAAN
KOTTA - PATTU
KODAGU - PATTI
TULU - PATH, PADUN, PATHU, VAT
BEDEGA - HATTU
KURUMBA - HATTU
GADABA - PADI
KHONDI - PATH, VATHJ, VAAD, PAAD, PADIN, PODIN,
POTH, PO, PAN
TAMIL - PATHTHU, PATHIN, PATHI, PATHU PAN,
PAH – THU.
Dravidian names “DAS, DOSO” changed in Sanskrit as ‘Thasa’. It became in Hindi ‘Thus’

Other Languages which sound like Dravidian

JAPANESE - (PA)TOO
GEORGIAN - (P) AT
COPTIC - MET
ANGLO SAXON - TiiEN
ENGLISH - TEN
GERMAN - ZE –HN
GOTHIC - THIHUN
NARWAGEIN - Ti
MAGYAR - Ti – Z
CAUCASIAN - TI-AT
DUTCH - TIEN
CIRCASSIAN - T - SEY
AFRIKAAN - TIEN, EMAN
FINNISH - KM-MEN-EN
INDONESIA - BAN
TURKISH - (P) ON

The sounds of the Dravidian numerical names occurs in various languages of the world. Hence I feel that knowledge of Dravidian language had been accepted by the world.
The Indo - European languages had a remote relation with
The Dravidian languages – Lahawary.

Though the Aryans learnt from one to Ten from Dravidians, beyond ten they tried to introduce new words for numbers and got into trouble.
For example in Sanskrit number 24 is Sathurvimsathi. In this form four comes first and twenty behind.
SATHUR = 4 VIMSATHI = 20


F.T wood points out an interesting factor. He is of the view at time of separation of the indo Europeans from one anther, they were able to count only ten numbers, that too, on their fingers in the hands only.


Those European languages which followed Sanskrit in this number naming had these mistakes.
Those Numbers whose names become completely altered is their path can be seen in the chart below.

English eighteen 8-10
French dis – huit 10-8
German acht –zehn 8-10
Ancient Greek Okto – kai – deka 8 and 10
Modern Greek deka – okto 10-8
Latin deceme octo 10 and 8
Lithuanian ashtuno – lika 8 left over (from10)
Breton tri- ouch 3-6
Welsh deu naw 2-9
Maxican caxtulli – Om – mey 15 and 3
Finnish kah – deksan – toista 2 (fro) 10 (in the) second (ten)

(from K. Menninger, Number Words and Number symbols)

In the Menninger’s chart number 18 is in different names in different languages. We can note disorder in the number name. But correct name 18 is in Dravidian alone. I think French, Latin and Modern Greek may have got it from Dravidian. Others went their own way.
“Pathinettu” means in Tamil “Teneight.” Not Ten and eight.
(Pathin=10 Ettu=8) 10+8=18
Ancient Tamils did not give any importance to number names. Their Quantity is their beauty.
In Tamil three thousand years ago only one number name occurred: that was Onepathu (Nine) The old name is ‘Thondu’. But it was changed as ‘Onepathu’ That become Thonnooru, Thollaiyiram followed by Onepathu. They can caution number names.
ONEPATHU:
This number name means less ten It denotes to us that we are approaching Ten, Onepathu means nine.
THONNOORU:
This number name means less hundred. This Denotes that we are approaching hundred. That is Thonnooru. (90)
THOLLAIYIRAM:
Meaning of the word is less thousand. This denotes that we are approaching thousand. That means Thollaiyiram. (900)


Tamil old number names
THONNDU 9
THONNPATHU 90
THONNOORU 900
THONNAYIRAM 9000
THONPATHAYIRAM 90000
THONLATCHAM 900000
THONPATHULATCHAM 9000000
and so on


Why and how this occured at the time is not clear. Anyhow it is certainly grammatical mistake. If want change it once more the old name ‘Thonndu’ can be used.

The Ancient Poetry (anthology) ” Paripadal” of the Sangam period reveals to us the truth where numbers should start.

Paazh (Zero) and Kaal (Quarter) and Paagu (half) and oneru (one) and Erandu (Two) and Moonru (Three) And Nangu (Four) and inthu (Five) and aaru (Six) and Ezhu (seven)and Ettu (Eight) and Thonndu (Nine) …… (PARIPADAL 3 ; 77-80).

Paazh (Zero) is the first number name from where we should start naming the numbers. The meaning of ‘Paazh’ is ‘nothing’ or nothingness’. I think Paazh in Sanskrit becomes ‘Sunya’. The Arabic word sifr, “emptiness”, is a translation of the Sanskrit sunya. It was Chosen in the ninth century to represent zero. Sifr gave rise to the Latin cifra in the thirteenth century, the French chiffre\ in the fourteenth century and the German Ziffer in the fifteenth century. It is also the forebear of the English cipher. By a parallel development sifr gave rise to the Latin zefirum in the thirteenth century, the Italian zefiro/zevero in the fifteenth, and finally the word zero. Western terminology of Zero is unquestionably Hindu-Arbic.

In the beginnings Tamils did not have symbol for “Paazh”., because the word means ‘Nothing’. There was no known necessity for symbol. It was not possible to give a symbol. And They thought it was wrong to give a symbol for nothing. Some time later they themselves felt give a symbol to it. In ancient astronomical books zero was denoted by horizontal line, numeral were assumed. Importance depending upon their positions in the numbers were marked.

Example :
TAMIL NUMERAL MODERN NUMERAL

704

In the Tamil numeral, the center line denotes Zero. Later they changed horizontal line as circle shape. Because numbers one and zero were both horizontal line.

In tamil`s poetic form, more polished and exact then the Greek and more copious than the Latin. In its fullness and power it more resemble English and German than any other living language. By Dr. Winslow’s Dictionary, preface.


Tamil language had two numerical methods in use. One is the traditional method. The other one is chuzhi (Zero) method. The second method using ‘Zero’ was used by the Tamils rarely, even invented by them. The other Dravidian languages Malayalam, Kannadam , Telugu used it to a great extent.



“If an unbiased foreigner compares the north and south Indian languages, he would find that the origin of all Indian civilization is stars from Tamil only this was written by Gilbert Slater”


The decimal system is not new to Dravidians, for the number themselves exist in tens. Romans had fives collections. Babylonians had twenties collection, likewise French twenties are existing.







The Madras presidency is the habitate of a Tamil Race whose civilization was the most ancient. A branch of Tamil Race spread a vast civilization on the Eupharates in very ancient times whose astrology, religion, love, morals and rites etc., furnished the foundation of the Asryian and Babylonian civilization and whose mythology was the source of the chiristian Bible. Another branch of them spread from the Malabar coast and gave rise to a wounderful Egyptian civilization and the Aryans are indebted to the race in many respects. – Quoted in ``Prabuddha Bharatha``
(monthly Magazine) by Swami Vivegananda. Sep. 1921.


Tamil had only more fractional numbers than any other language in the world. They were known as ‘Keezhvai’ numbers. That means less than one. Ancient Tamil people took fractions on and they were also turned to collection in the tens method.

Example:
0.625 Visam is existing as 10’s
0.2 Naaluma is existing as 10’s
0.375 Mukkani is existing as 10’s
English has only two fractional number names. They are quarter and half. But in Tamil there are many below the value of one. They are : Kaal, Arai, Ma, Kani, Visam, Immi …..etc.,

TAMIL FRACTIONAL NUMBER NAMES
64 THERTHUGA…………………….. 1 NUNMANAL
100 NUNMANAL………………………. 1 VELLAM
60 VELLAM…………………………… 1 KURALVAIBIDI
40 KURALVAIBIDI……………………. 1 KATHIRMUNAI
30 KATHIRMUNAI……………………. 1 SINTHAI
14 SINTHAI………………………….... 1 NAGAVINTHAM
17 NAGAVINTHAM………………….. 1 VINTHAM
7 VINTHAM…………………………. 1 PAGAM
6 PAGAM……………………………. 1 PANTHAM
5 PANTHAM………………………….. 1 GUNAM

ONE THERTHUGAL is
1
----------------------------------------------
22880733836083200000000


Many arithmetic books before and after Sangam ages have been lost. The mathematical treatises of Dhamodaranar, Medhaviar, Nall achudhanar, Kaduvan Ellavaiyiniar, Kannian poongundranar, Pakkuddukai nan Kannianar etc., ……….. have mostly been lost or partly missing.

Today Tamil has language Grammar but no number Grammar now. And there is no data available.
When a particular race in the world was on the emergence of civilization, India was fully civilized. Hence it has crossed the early civilization steps prior to recorded history, that is in prehistorical times.
Those initial stages of other civilization also spread from India. Hence, while the rest of the world was struggling, India taught them how to count. From my point of view the mathematics inception also was borrowed from India by the other parts of the world.
When the people of the world were counting with confusion Dravidians were counting clearly and correctly. Their numbers flow one after another like a chain. Example. 1, 1+1=2, 2+1=3, 3+1=4, 4+1=5, 5+1=6, 6+1=7, 7+1=8, 8+1=9, 9+1=10, 10+1=11,……………..100+1=101, 1000+1=1001,……….etc.,

There are some big numbers in Tamil more than crore, They are ..SANGAM,AMPEL, KUVALAI,NEITHAL,THAMARAI,VELLAM…

SANGAM: 100000000000000

Those big numbers were used by the Astronomic scientists to measure the distance between the stars.

In mathematics India’s contribution is ‘Zero’ is Bertrand Russel said. He was not aware that it was India which gave to the world not only the cipher but also majority share of mathematics and its Grammar. We will discuss about it.
Which race invented the numerals? And how did they spread around the world? We will discuss and compare with the ancient languages like Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Aramie, Finnish, Arabic, Akkadian, Sumerian, Babylonian, Chinese, Sanskrit and Tamil.


Compared to old international numbers. Number one in Chinese and Tamil are flat lines. Roman and Arabic are Vertical. American Mayans is in the form of dot. Number two and three in Chinese and Tamil are in flat lines. Romans is in vertical lines. American Mayans have used dots. Others are in different shapes.

7,000-years-old Yangshao Culture (excavated in Henan and Shanxi Provinces) bore specially inscribed signs and marks. Most of the marks were vertical lines, while others were Z-shaped. These vertical lines are belived to be the very earliest forms of numeration in ancient China.

Shang people in China used oracle bones script before Christ. There were the earliest known Chinese numerals. The largest number inscribed on the oracle bones is 30,000 and the smallest is one. Units, tens, hundreds, thousands and ten thousands each have a specific character to represent them. In China Bronze script have also been found. In the bronze script, however compound words are written quite differently from the oracle bone script. In ancient China calculations did not directly involve the manipulation of numerals. The device used for calculations by the ancient Chinese was the counting rod.

The counting rods were small bamboo sticks known as chou which Chinese mathematicians arranged into different configurations to represent numbers before performing calculations with them. This was known as “chou suan”.

A number could thus be represented by digits arranged in vertical and horizontal forms alternately, working from right to left in the usual order of units, tens, hundreds, thousands, ten thousands, etc. This method of recording numbers is explained in “Master Sun’s Mathematical Manual”.


Example : Chinese Mathematical Stick method.


Vertical lines refer to ones and horizontal lines refer to tens.

“Units are vertical, tens are horizontal, Hundreds stand, thousands lie down; Thus thousands and tens look the same, Ten thousands and hundreds look alike”. Xiahou Yang’s “Mathematical Manual” says: Anyhow old or modern Chinese numerale do not represent the international numbers. So we left them.

In Greece separate numeral figures did not exist. Only letters served as numbers. Greek and the Arabic counting systems are known as “Hisab abjadi”. Come in counting science. These were alphabetical additive numerations. The Latin alphabets descended directly from the greek, retain the order of the Phoenician alphabet almost unchanged. Hence Greek, Hebrew, Latin, Finnish and Arabic have no numeral figures. We will discard them.

Roman numbers are entirely different and are in a class of their own. So, we cannot compare them with the modern numbers.

American mayans numbers are dots and lines. They did not change this form. So, we will stop with this.

The ancient Sumerian civilization, did not possess a general idea of number. There existed only ways of counting. In initial period the repertory of numeric signs was small. In fact all the signs were essentially built up from only four different marks of the reed: a large and small circle and a large and small notch.

Then they used cuneiform (from latin cuneus, ‘nail’ or ‘wedge’) of the writing system – including number signs. In the way the posititional system of Mesopotamian mathematics was born.

Example: When cuneiform scripts are together it is (II). If there is space between them they are referred to as (61) sixtyone. More than that there are no other numeral in Sumeria. So, this too looses the right to join the modern numerical system.


11- 61-

As can be seen from this example, the ambiguity mentioned above between 61 and 2 is resolved simply by accepting it. There is no longer any difference in the writing of the signs that make up say, 11 and 61. Both use the same sign twice . The difference is conveyed exclusively by the spacing between them that is, by giving a significance to the relative position of the two signs. The positional system of Mesopotamian mathematics was born. And this system was sexagesimal the Mesopotamians had chosen a sexagesimal system form the various system at their disposal


In the place called Indamagalam in Dharmapuri district. A.D. 12 Century two mile stones (KAVATHAKAL) were found. In one – 2 large circular hollows and 2 small circular hollows were inscribed. In the other one, they are 3 big circular hollows and 9 small circular hollows. They denote the olden Tamil miles referring to distances. They are useful even to those who are not educated. On the stones 22 and 28 in number names were also inscribed.
Big hollows refers to 10 Tamil Miles
Small hollow refers to 1 Tamil Mile

Ancient languages like Akkadian, Babylonion, Aramaie, Latin, Arabic, Finnish do not have any evidence of numerals in their languages. I am of the opinion that they do not have any numeral figures.

In 662 A. D. a Syriac writer, Severus Sebokt, showed that the Greeks had no monopoly on science, referred to the inventiveness of Indian scholars. The only one of their mathematical skills was that their system of reckoning using nine digits. Severus Sebokt’s comment points to the greatest advantage of this system, its economy. By reducing the symbols need for the notation of all numbers to ten—nine digits and a zero—the system achieves the ideal of economy and efficiency. Indian intellectuals were well aware of the advantages of economy. I think Severus Sebokt was aware of the Dravidian economy numbers.

We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made - Albert Einstein

India is the cradle of the human race the birth place of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great grandmother tradition. Our most valuble and most constructive materials in the history of man are treasured of in India only. - Mark Twain




If there is one place on the face of earth where all the dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of exisitance, it is India. - Romain Rolland



Before Aryans entered India and in part of Asia Dravidian languages Flourished here. Aryans were not aware of scripts. After coming to India they learnt it from the Dravidians. So, Sanskrit too has no numerals. Rig, Yajur, Athervan and sama Vedas do not have any numbers. On the contrary words and alphabets were given value as numbers.


Last of all it is only Tamil which stands apart. See the Tamil numbers in the front page. It occurred in all languages in India. See the chart in the above.

There were many more meanings for Tamil ENN (Number) in olden days. Now it has few in dictionary. See them.

Meaning for ENN
Wisdom, Mind, Simple, Arithematic, Numeral, Counsel, Numarate, Estimate, Remember , Appraise, Eight, Select, Pain, Anguish, Oil, Sesame Seed, One type of music etc.
The principales of Indian arithmetic to Arab Scholars of the eighty century. In about 774 AD an Indian scholor passing through Baghdad made known a Sanskrit book on astronomy which adopted the principles of `Indian Arithmetic`. (HISAB al-hind), and al-Fazzari`s Arabic translation of this book represented the first stage in the history of `Indian Arthemetic ` enter in the Muslim Arab empire. There one more view about this. In the 7th and 8th century A.D. Arabians encroached India and took away not only precious stones, Gold, and Silver but also Grammer , Arthmetic, Astronomy………… amoung those are included the numerals.Thus the way the Indian numbers art are entered into the Islamic world.

In the twelth and thirteenth century Europe, and especially at Toledo translations and compilers of Arabic books in Latin played a key role in the development in the west, comparable to that played by the Baghdad Scholors and translators in the Islamic world.



Then the numerals also spread in European countries. The British looked at its simplicity and utilized it for their merchandise as well as exchequer, and many other parts of the world followed. Some other European nations also took part to spread a little. As it was good for all these it was used all over the world. The numbers have only 10 Figures (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0). This economy and lightness is easy to use. So the world accepted it.

The ancient riped civilization of Tamil Nadu has given many arts to the world. Out of those the international numeral are one. This is the basic science of all in and out of universal.







POST SCRIPT

I was just five or six years old at that time. I had stepped into the Primary School. First year was over. Then I entered into second class. I bought mathematics table book. When I opened the first page I was astonished to see a fantasy there.

On the Left side of the book there were numerals from 1 to 10. (I think it was referred as English numbers and not as anything else). In the opposite side within squares there were Tamil numerals. When there was beautiful English why should ugly Tamil be there. That sounded funny to me.

Day by day I became used to Tamil numerals. None the less the teachers never taught us the Tamil numerals.

As days passed by, a thought arose in me about the similarity between both numerals. I told my friends about it. There was no reply. On the other hand a sarcastic smile on their faces was the reply. Still others looked at me as if it was foolish and questioned me. This doubt remained in me for long period.

I studied further and went on to high School. The thought about Tamil numerals left me for some time. But used to reccur at intervals. I finished high school and joined Government service

Once or twice the same thought struck me at intervals. Some years rolled away. One day I happened to look at the Tamil numerals. Once again the same thought gripped me.

From one to ten, I required Tamil numerals. Where shall I start searching? I went to see a Tamil scholar. He told that he did not remember. I spoke to a mathematician. He sent me away empty handed. I met a few more people. None of them could help me. It was no use.

Out of the numerous people, I enquired one friend went to an old astrologer and brought the numerals. And out of those were some fractional numerals too. I looked at the same with fresh ideas following a new from the old thoughts. I compared them. What I thought earlier was correct. Apart from 1,6 and 9 the rest of the three numerals, I felt were the international numbers hiden in the Tamil’s one. You see here the chart below which show the prime reason.








The similarity that existed between the two made me meditate further. Has the one developed from the other? O.K. but which one developed first? I searched for clues. They were not available.

I wrote to many magazines what I thought about the numerals. It was not accepted. why? why? why? ………… the thoughts bothered me endlessly, for days and nights together.

I further rewrote the article and sent it to an international magazine. Its Madras branch does not consider selection written in Tamil. This was a great blow to me.

The soup was red hot and sealded my tongue and I had to leave it a while. My dreams were shattered to bits and pieces and my thoughts once again bothered me. Some nights passed without sleep. I was caught in mid sea in a squll. How to the shore?

There were no limits to my quest. The pain pricks were sharp and long. In the end I decided to make a booklet. I would like to say a few words about Tamil. It is a prehistorical language. It did not belong to karnaparambara. (Only known by hearing and speaking). It had script even before history could be remembered.

Enba, Enmanar, Mozhi Manar, Yappari Pulavar were already referred by the Author grammarian Tholkappiyar. Hence it denoted that books on grammar were written before Tholkappiyar. That Indusvalley civilization and its scripts belongs to Tamil Dravidian culture was what Eros the priest writes. Some agree with this view and some disagree.

In the beginning they wrote on palm leaf. Later they inscribed on rock. Of the ancient arcehaological evidence in India two-thirds are from Tamil Nadu. None the less the Tamil People did not leave much evidence of themselves.

Tamil, world’s oldest language, still has the ability to gain newer and newer words and grown. The same cannot be applied to other languages in the world. Tamil is adding new aspects depending on the growth of science and gaining rich culture. Tamil has the world most widest roots. English and other western languages have to depend on Latin Greek, and Hebrew. Tamil depends on itself for new words. Thus speaks American linguistic scholar “Emenu”.

There are some doubts about the olden history. Let me tell about my surmise.

• Dravidians have not come from the Meditterranean. Their mother land is
Lemuria.

• Australians, Africans, Lemurians are one single race.

• The Lemurian concept of God, Medicine, Astronomy, Astrology and many more arts, come a head of many other concepts of the world.

• The Ariyans did not discover script any part of the world and also in India.

• The Lemuriyan Tamil letters were called “BRAHMI”. Thus it went to the north.
It was called “North Brahmi”

• The Tamil grammar was a gift to other grammars of world languages.

• Tamils script spread all over India and to many other parts of East Asia also.

• The unity of north and south India was done by Dravidians. This Unity continued till today: even after the mixture of Aryans and Dravidians.

• Ancient Tamils taught science to the world.

I approached many others for the translation of my article. Nobody came forward. My heart sank. Work delayed. Nights become longer. But still daylight will come at its end. I kept my dreams with myself and waited. One unexpected turn came to my turmoil. Some one even without my asking for translated. I was glad and full of surprise. The person who did this was Dr. L. Rajalakshmi, M.B.B.S, M.S.D.D., Professor of Anatomy formerly of Madras Medical College, Chennai. My heart felt thanks to her. I received some news from Unesco courier My thanks to them.

Dear Publishers:

I Request you to Kindly read the script "Comparative Grammer of Numbers "( Ancient tamils gift to the world )blogspot.com in the net. If You want to publish, Please Contact to my address.

Yours Sincearly
Veerangopal




VEERAN GOPAL,
146/3-66 JEEVA STREET,
JAGIR AMMAPALAYAM,
SALEM-TAMILNADU – INDIA.
CELL PHONE: 9442568945.
DATE: 7-06-2010
E-Mail id: veeran.gopal@yahoo.in

ancient tamil's gift to the world

ANCIENT TAMIL`S GIFT

TO THE WORLD

There is no other language in the world equal to tamil number names. Next comes English. These two have scientific number names.This we connot find in any other universal languages.

The ancient ripped civilization of Tamil nadu has given many arts to the world. Out of those the numerals (INTERNATINAL) are one.We will discuss in detail.

One day I saw the article titled “Story of the Numbers “in the monthly magazine Unesco Courier. There were numerous scientific evidences, even though it was called a story. World scientists had done a good job. It is very Praise worthy. But there are other evidences that have not come to the people. Now I will open the door. That will be the shortened version of this book. Perhaps those evidences may bring out anger in some and Insecurity in others. Some persons may emit lava.

Numbers occur everywhere in our day - to - day life. Many Scientists have given various news about the numbers. Some of them have delt deeply and some have delt superficially. “Numbers are in everything” said Pythagoras, “Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences, and theory of numbers is the Queen of Mathematics” said carl Frendrich Gauss. “God created the natural numbers and all the rest is the work of man” exclaimed Kronecker, a German Mathematician. I think universe, infinitive, Science, Colour, Rays and everythink are in basis with calculation.

1. Language - Bloomfield Page 279

2. The science of the Language - Abel Hovelace Page 134

3. Sayce Introdution Sceince of language - Page 410

All these books have recorded the people’s knowledge of numbers. Let us consider a few :

¨ In America, the ancient people called Algonquin can count only upto five. For ten they say five in excess.

¨ South Americans, the ancient puris, called more than three as many.

¨ The ancient people who live in Victoria have their language where they count one and two number names. Apart from that the people do not know any other numbers.

¨ People of New Holland do not known more than two.

¨ In Danish they count by twenties, and these come into force like that.

¨ Kham Bushman knew only upto three. For four they called two twos.

¨ In French there is no name for seventy. On the contrary they call it three twenties and ten.

Likewise there were numerical confusions in profusion. There were some people who were clear in mathematics. Let us look into those:

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9………. These numerals fill the world. Irrespective of caste, Community, Country and language they are now being studied everywhere. Researchers have considered that 1-2-3….. are the first letter of certain words in some language or the other. This theory is wrong according to my opinion.

Before Aryans entered into India, through India and Afkanistan also Tamil flourished, after coming here Aryans learnt the art of writing from Tamils.

“In the beginning, in Aryan language there were words for one to ten upto hundred. Afterwards when languages became independent the word: “Sagasara” for thousand developed. “ The words for numbers denoted what and how they arose could not be clearly known ”, thus wrote P.S. Subramania Sastry in his “History of Northern Language”.

There are three thousand or more languages being spoken in the world. Some of them have script and some have not .But very very few have numeral figures.

The Tamil numerals had certain separate forms. Rockcut inscriptions and ancient literatures prove this.

“Numeral and letter are both eye of living beings “

(KURAL: 392 athikaram: 40)

Tamils learnt the art of counting (numerals) first. This they called mathematics (Kanakku). They gave figures to indicate it. This mathematics had only a few figures. But alphabetic has more letters, so, it was called lengthy mathematics. (Nedung Kanakku)

Before the birth of Christ, the Tamils had an extensive trade relationship with abroad. They would have used their mathematical ability for mercantile economics. Thus the Tamils would have imparted their mathematical knowledge to European countries. None the less nothing is known about this aspect.

From time immemorial the Tamils have known One- Ten- Hundred-Thousand-Ten Ten hundred-Ten Hundred Thousand-Hundred Hundred Thousand they know how to count. In no other language in the world such number nomenclature exists. Let us look at a few examples:-

ENGLISH

One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten - all these are in order. Next comes “Eleven”. This word eleven cannot be categorised into any scheme. This hangs in mid air like an apple.

If we take ELEV+ONE = ELEVEN, The following numbers should be ELEVE+TWO, ELEVE+THREE, ELEVE+FOUR, ELEVE+FIVE……..Otherwise TEN+ONE=TENONE or TEONE, TEN+TWO=TENTWO or TETWO, TEN+THREE=TENTHREE or TETHREE, TEN+FOUR or TENFOUR, or TEFOUR, TEN+FIVE=TENFIVE or TEFIVE………… should be the order. But it is not so. It is Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, Fifteen and such. They are exception to counting science from eleven to nineteen this order exists.

The names of numbers after twenty in English may have been learnt from Dravidians. I Think so. Because next to Dravidians only in English are there correct names for numbers. Twenty One, Twenty Two, Twenty Three………. again join the mainstream of Dravidians. The number names from Eleven to nineteen can be changed in English. This will remove inaccuracies. Any one can do this.

Tamil is the most highly cultivated language and possess the richest stores of indigenous literature. Max Muller.

HINDI :

Even in this after Ten the number names are in disorder.

Gyara 1+10=11

Bara 2+10=12

Thera 3+10=13

Soudha 4+10=14

Pandra 5+10=15

Here too, like English, small numbers comes in first and big numbers come behind.

While looking at Sanskrit, number names and their Pronunciation it appears that it might have been derived from Dravidian languages. Basing on this, idea I compare it with Dravidian names.

Dravidian Number ONE :

BERJI - OKUT, OKTI

NAIKKI - OKKO(D)

MALAYALAM - ONNU, ONRU

TULU - ONJI

KODAGU - ONDI

KANNADAM - ONDU, O-R, ONE-U

TELUGU - OKA, ONDU, OKATTI, ONE-THU

TODA - WIP, VODD-O

KOTA - OD, VODDE.O-JI, OO-R

BADAKA - VON-DU

KOLAMI - OKKO D

MALTO - OND

KNONDI - UNDI

GODABA - URKU, UNRI

TAMIL - ONRU, ORU, OTTHAI, ONE-NU. OREE, ONDU, ONDI,

OTRAI.

The Dravidian names “Oru, Oka” has became ‘Ohka’ and ‘AKA-AAKAM’ in Sanskrit. In Hindi it has became ‘AKE’.

Other languages which sound like Dravidians

KOREAN - HAN

IRISH - AEN

ENGLISH - ONE

LATIN - UN-US

FRENCH - UN

SPANISH - UN-O

OLD NORSE - EINN

GERMAN - EIN

AFRICAN - EAN

GOTHIC - AIN-S

DUTCH - EEN

JAPANESE - HITTSU

MANGOL - OKAN, NIKEN

FINNISH - YHDEN

ITALI - UN-O

GREEK - ENA

RUSSIAN - Ad. Na, Ad, jin

POLISH - YEDNOO

ANGLOSAXON - A:N

DANISH - EEN

DRAVIDIAN NUMBER NAMES : TWO

KODAKU - THANDU

BRAHUI - ERAT, IRAT

MALAYALAM - YENDU, IRANDU

KOTA - E, IR, EER, EYD.

TELUGU - RANDU, INTHA – RU

KANNADAM - ERADU, EE-R

TULU - E-RADU, RADDU

KURUMBA - ERADU

KHONDI - REND

TODA - E.D.

NAIKKI - ERANDI

GONDA - RUNDI

GODABA - INDI, IDDIG

MONDA - RI

TAMIL - IIR, IRU, IRAT, ERRANDU

Number Names “Indi, Ri” turned into Sanskrit ‘Dvi’. In Hindi ‘Errandu’ had it front portion removed and the back part ‘Du’ changed as ‘Dho’

Other languages which sound like Dravidians

IRISH - A-DO

ENGLIH - TWO

LATIN - DU-O

ITALY - DU-E

SPANISH - DO-S

PORTUEGESE - DO-ISH

MANDARIN (CHINESE) - EER

NUPIAN - ORPE

KOREAN - IRU

DANISH - TO

DRAVIDIAN NUMBER NAME: THREE

TELUGU - MOODU, MORRU

KODAGU - MUUNDI, MOONDU

BADEGA - MURU

KANNADAM - MOORU

TODA - MUUDU, MUURU

TULU - MUJI

GODABA - MUDU, MUND

BRAHUI - MOOSIT

GONDA - MUNDARI

KHONDI - MU: ND

KOTA - MU: ND

MALAYALAM - MU: NRU

KOLAMI - MUNDIN

NAIKKI - MUNDI

BERJI - MOONTRI

MONDA - MOONTHI

TAMIL - MU, MOO, MOONTRU, THIRI, MOONU, MUMMAI

In the front syllable from ‘MOONTRI’ reduced and became ‘TRI’ in Sanskrit ‘TISRA’ ‘Thrayaha’. ‘MOONTRU’ in Hindi the back syllable reduced and MOON - became theen.

Other languages which sound like ‘Dravidians.

BASQUE - HIRU

LATIN - TREE-S

POLISH - TRI – 1

GREEK - TRIA, TREIS

ITALY - TRE

ENGLISH - THREE

NORSE - THRI – R

GAELIC - TRI

IRISH - A – TRI

NARWEGEAN - TRE

GERMAN - DRE -1

FRENCH - TRO1 - S

GOTHIC - TRI – J1

DUTCH - DREE

SPANISH - TRE – S

PORTUEGESE - TRE – S

RUSSIAN - TRY 1

SLAVIC - TRIYE

CHINESE (MANDARIN) - SAN

SINHALESE - TUNEU

DRAVIDIAN NUMBER NAME : FOUR

KANNADAM - NAAL, NALLKU, NAAKU

TELUGU - NAAIUGU, NAALKU

MALAYALAM - NAAL-, NAANGU

URAOAN - NAKH, NAAKH, UTAN

KURUMBA - NALKU

KURGI - NAAL – U

GODABA - NAALUGU

KODAGU - NAALI

TULU - NAAi

KOLAMI - NAALING, NALN

TODA - NAANK, NAAL, NO, NONG

KHOND - NAIGI

KOTA - NAAKE, NANG, NAL, NAN, NAAR

BRAHUI - CHER

BADAGA - NAIKU

BERJI - NA – LU (K)

GONDA - NA – LGI, NAIUNG

TAMIL - NAAL, NANGU, NAALU

‘NA-LU’ become ‘SATHU’ and ‘SATHUR’ in Sanskrit . The Dravidian name in Hindi ‘CHER’ became CHAAR.

In Other languages also four sounds, like in Dravidian languages.

GEORGIAN - ONGU

FINNISH - NEL-YA

MONGOLIAN - NILLA

ENGLILSH - FOUR

DUTCH - VIER

NORWEGIAN - FIER

GERMAN - VIOR

ANGLO-SAXON - FEEOWER

DRAVIDIAN NUMBER NAME : FIVE

MALAYALAM - ANJU

TELUGU - AIDU, EA-NU

KODAGU - ANJI

KANNADAM - AIDU

BEDEGA - EIDU, EiiDU

KURUMBA - EIDU

TULU - A-YINU, AYIN, AINTU

BRAHUI - PANG

KURGI - ANJU

NAIKKI - SENDI, PANCH

KADABA - SING, SAING

KOTA - A, AL, AM, ANJE

TODA - ANJE, iiJ, OO-J I-i

BERJI - CE; DUK

KOLAMI - AIDU

URAOAN - PANJE

RAJMAHAL - PANCH

KHONDU - PANCHU

BRAHUI - PANJ

TAMIL - AI, ANCHI, ANCHU, AINTHU

‘ANJU’ Panje, panch, panch were truned into Vedic language ‘PANSA’ and in Sanskrit ‘PANJ-N’. It Changed ‘PAANCH’ In Hindi.

other Languages which sound like Dravidian Languages.

LATIN - PENT-E, CEIN-K

RUSSIAN - PYATY

BASQUE - BORTZ

ITALY - CINQUE

SPANISH - CIN-CO

FRENCH - CIN-Q

LITHUVANIAN - PEN-K

FINNISH - WU-Si

ENGLISH - FIVE

DRAVIDISAN NUMBER NAME : SIX

KHOND - SO

KOTA - AARE, ARE

KOOi - SAJ, SA-JGi

KODAGU - AARI

KANNADAM - AARU, ARE

KURUMBA - AARU

MALAYALAM - AARU

KURGI - AA-R, AARU

BEDEGA - AARU

BRAHUI - SHA - SH

TODA - A-RO, AA-R

TELUGU - AARU

NAIKKI - SAJKI, Sa-he

GONDI - Sa – rung, S-aru-g

TAMIL - ARU, AARU

The Dravidian original root is ‘Saaru’ and now the ‘S’ is omitted to have ‘Aaru’ as its root. (Dravadian Origin and the West - Lahawari). The number name ‘Sha-sh’ changed as ‘CHE’ in Sanskrit and Hindi ‘Chaa’.

Other languages which sound like Dravidian languages.

ARABIC - Si – teh

COPTIC (EGPT) - So

GAELIC - SE

GERMAN - SECHS

VIATNAM - SO-SAU, SAU

AKKADIAN - SHE-SHSH

SUMERIAN - A-SH

HEBREW - S-IS

JAPANESE - RO-KU

LATIN - Se-X

GREEK - HE-X

ENGLISH - SIX

FRENCH - SI-X

SPANISH - SEI-S

GOTHIC - SAI-KS

AFRICAAN - SE-S

BER-BER - SE-Z

SANSKRIT - SAS

DRA VIDIAN NUMBER NAME; SEVEN

KOTA - AA1,AA-L

TODA - AA-IV, O-IV

KHOND - ERUNG, SATA

TULU - Een, eelu,el

URAOAN - SAT

RAJMAHAL - SATH

KURUMBA - YELLU

KODAGU - ELI

KURGI - ELU

KOLAMI - YED

GONDI - Yelu, yedulg, ye-nu

GADABA - YEGU, VOGU

BADEGA - YELLU, Y-LEN

TELUGU - Eadu, Eall

KANNADAM - EA, EELU

KOOi - ERUNG

MALAYALAM - E-LU, EELLU

TAMIL - EEZH, EZHU, EA-ZHU

The word ‘sath’ changed in Sanskrit as sapptha and Hindi took directly the Dravidian name “sath”.

Other languages which sound like Dravidian :

TURKIS - YEH

ARABIC - SEB-A

AFRICAN - SEB+E

ITALY - SETT-E

TIBETAN - BELUN

Tamil scholars said ‘EEL’ is the proto Dravidian root. But’ scholar Lahawari indendified

as ‘S+EEL’.

DRAVIDIAN NUMBER NAME-EIGHT

BEDEGA - YETTU

KOTA - ET, YEETE

KODAGU - ETTI

TULU - ENMA

KOHNDI - AN – AMUR

BRAHUI - HASHT, AT- AH

MALAYALAM - ETTU

TELUGU - EN-AME, EMMITHI, ENIMITHI

KANNADAM - ENDU, ENTTU

TODA - OT

KOLAMI - ENUMIDI

GADABA - ENIMIDI

TAMIL - ENN, ETTU

‘ETTU’ is changed in Sanskrit as ‘Asta’ and in Hindi is ‘AAT’,

other languages which sound like Dravidian :

SLAVIC - VETI

ENGLISH - EIGHT

AFRICAN - AGT, AG

LATIN - OCT-O, OCT-OO

GREEK - OKT-O, OKHT-O

GERMEN - ACHT

GOTHIC - AHT-AN

IRISH - H-OCHT

SPANISH - OCH-O

DUTCH - ACHT

FRENCH - H-UIT

NORWEGIAN - ATT-E

PORTUGESSE - OIT-O

ITTALY - OTTO

LOAS - P-ET

AHOM - P-ET

SIAMESE - PET, TET

KHAMPTI - P-ECT

MANGOLIAN - SITERATA

(Africa) NUPRIN - EDDO

BURMESE - SHY-HT, SHYTT

TIBETAN - BRG-YUD, G-UD

JAPANESE - YATT-SU, DOCH - DE

CHINESE (SHAN) - T-ET

COPTIC - S-MN

THAI - PA-ED

PALLI - ATT-A

SANSKRIT - AST-AN, AST-AA

SINHALESE - AT-A1

PUSTO - AT-AH

DANISH - OTTE

The sound of Tamil number name “ EIGHT ” Occurs in various languages in the world.

DRAVIDIAN NUMBER NAME : NINE

TULU - ORMBO

GADABA - TOMMIDI

KODAGU - THOMPATHI, OIMPATHI

TELUGU - THOMITHI

KANNADAM - OMBATHTHU , OMBATTU

MALAYAM - OMBATHU

TODA - ONPAD, AN-PATH, WINBOO, AAN-INBO

KOTA - VORUPADE

KURUMBA - V OMBOTTU

KURGI - OIMPATHU

BEDAGA - VOBATTU

GONDI - NO, NAU

RAJMAHAL - NAU

KOLAMI - NAW

KHOND - NOGATTA

BRAHUI - NUK, NAH

TAMIL - THONDU, ONBATHU

Dravidian Number name’s “ No. NAU, NAH, NOGATTA” were changed in Sanskrit as “NAVA and NAVAOM”. Hindi took “New” from Kolami.

Other Languages which sound like Dravidian

LATIN - NAVEM

PORTUEGESE - NOVE

ITALY - NOVE

DUTCH - NEGEN

GERMAN - NEUN

FRECH - NUEF

IRISH - NAOI

SPANISH - NUEVE

ENGLISH - NINE

NARWAY - NI

AFRIKANN - NEGE

GOTHIC - NIUN

THAI - KAO

BURMA - KO

VIATNAMESE - DO – CHIN

SIAMESE - KAU, KAUT

LAOS - KEW

AHOM - KAAW

DRAVIDIAN NUMBER NAME : TEN

TODA - PAD, PATH

RAJMAHAL - DAS

KHOND - DOSO

KOLAMI - DAGA

GONDI - PONN, PADA, DAHA

Malayalam - paththu

TELUGU - PATHI, MITHI

KANNADAM - HATHU, PATHI, PATHIN, PATTU, VATTU

KURGI - PATHU, POTH, WAAD, PODIN, PO, PONN,

VATH, PAAN

KOTTA - PATTU

KODAGU - PATTI

TULU - PATH, PADUN, PATHU, VAT

BEDEGA - HATTU

KURUMBA - HATTU

GADABA - PADI

KHONDI - PATH, VATHJ, VAAD, PAAD, PADIN, PODIN,

POTH, PO, PAN

TAMIL - PATHTHU, PATHIN, PATHI, PATHU PAN,

PAH – THU.

Dravidian names “DAS, DOSO” changed in Sanskrit as ‘Thasa’. It became in Hindi ‘Thus’

Other Languages which sound like Dravidian

JAPANESE - (PA)TOO

GEORGIAN - (P) AT

COPTIC - MET

ANGLO SAXON - TiiEN

ENGLISH - TEN

GERMAN - ZE –HN

GOTHIC - THIHUN

NARWAGEIN - Ti

MAGYAR - Ti – Z

CAUCASIAN - TI-AT

DUTCH - TIEN

CIRCASSIAN - T - SEY

AFRIKAAN - TIEN, EMAN

FINNISH - KM-MEN-EN

INDONESIA - BAN

TURKISH - (P) ON

The sounds of the Dravidian numerical names occurs in various languages of the world. Hence I feel that knowledge of Dravidian language had been accepted by the world.

The Indo - European languages had a remote relation with The Dravidian languages – Lahawary.

Though the Aryans learnt from one to Ten from Dravidians, beyond ten they tried to introduce new words for numbers and got into trouble.

For example in Sanskrit number 24 is Sathurvimsathi. In this form four comes first and twenty behind.

SATHUR = 4 VIMSATHI = 20

F.T wood points out an interesting factor. He is of the view at time of separation of the indo Europeans from one anther, they were able to count only ten numbers, that too, on their fingers in the hands only.

Those European languages which followed Sanskrit in this number naming had these mistakes.

Those Numbers whose names become completely altered is their path can be seen in the chart below.

English eighteen 8-10 French dis – huit 10-8 German acht –zehn 8-10 Ancient Greek Okto – kai – deka 8 and 10 Modern Greek deka – okto 10-8 Latin deceme octo 10 and 8 Lithuanian ashtuno – lika 8 left over (from10) Breton tri- ouch 3-6 Welsh deu naw 2-9 Maxican caxtulli – Om – mey 15 and 3 Finnish kah – deksan – toista 2 (fro) 10 (in the) second (ten) (from K. Menninger, Number Words and Number symbols)

In the Menninger’s chart number 18 is in different names in different languages. We can note disorder in the number name. But correct name 18 is in Dravidian alone. I think French, Latin and Modern Greek may have got it from Dravidian. Others went their own way.

“Pathinettu” means in Tamil “Teneight.” Not Ten and eight.

(Pathin=10 Ettu=8) 10+8=18

Ancient Tamils did not give any importance to number names. Their Quantity is their beauty.

In Tamil three thousand years ago only one number name occurred: that was Onepathu (Nine) The old name is ‘Thondu’. But it was changed as ‘Onepathu’ That become Thonnooru, Thollaiyiram followed by Onepathu. They can caution number names.

ONEPATHU:

This number name means less ten It denotes to us that we are approaching Ten, Onepathu means nine.

THONNOORU:

This number name means less hundred. This Denotes that we are approaching hundred. That is Thonnooru. (90)

THOLLAIYIRAM:

Meaning of the word is less thousand. This denotes that we are approaching thousand. That means Thollaiyiram. (900)

Tamil old number names THONNDU 9 THONNPATHU 90 THONNOORU 900 THONNAYIRAM 9000 THONPATHAYIRAM 90000 THONLATCHAM 900000 THONPATHULATCHAM 9000000 and so on

Why and how this occured at the time is not clear. Anyhow it is certainly grammatical mistake. If want change it once more the old name ‘Thonndu’ can be used.

The Ancient Poetry (anthology) ” Paripadal” of the Sangam period reveals to us the truth where numbers should start.

Paazh (Zero) and Kaal (Quarter) and Paagu (half) and oneru (one) and Erandu (Two) and Moonru (Three) And Nangu (Four) and inthu (Five) and aaru (Six) and Ezhu (seven)and Ettu (Eight) and Thonndu (Nine) …… (PARIPADAL 3 ; 77-80).

Paazh (Zero) is the first number name from where we should start naming the numbers. The meaning of ‘Paazh’ is ‘nothing’ or nothingness’. I think Paazh in Sanskrit becomes ‘Sunya’. The Arabic word sifr, “emptiness”, is a translation of the Sanskrit sunya. It was Chosen in the ninth century to represent zero. Sifr gave rise to the Latin cifra in the thirteenth century, the French chiffre\ in the fourteenth century and the German Ziffer in the fifteenth century. It is also the forebear of the English cipher. By a parallel development sifr gave rise to the Latin zefirum in the thirteenth century, the Italian zefiro/zevero in the fifteenth, and finally the word zero. Western terminology of Zero is unquestionably Hindu-Arbic.

In the beginnings Tamils did not have symbol for “Paazh”., because the word means ‘Nothing’. There was no known necessity for symbol. It was not possible to give a symbol. And They thought it was wrong to give a symbol for nothing. Some time later they themselves felt give a symbol to it. In ancient astronomical books zero was denoted by horizontal line, numeral were assumed. Importance depending upon their positions in the numbers were marked.

Example :

Tamil numeral Modern numeral

704

In the Tamil numeral, the center line denotes Zero. Later they changed horizontal line as circle shape. Because numbers one and zero were both horizontal line.

In tamil`s poetic form, more polished and exact then the Greek and more copious than the Latin. In its fullness and power it more resemble English and German than any other living language. By Dr. Winslow’s Dictionary, preface.

Tamil language had two numerical methods in use. One is the traditional method. The other one is chuzhi (Zero) method. The second method using ‘Zero’ was used by the Tamils rarely, even invented by them. The other Dravidian languages Malayalam, Kannadam , Telugu used it to a great extent.

Example:

20 200 2000

Traditional method :

Chuzhi (zero method) :

“If an unbiased foreigner compares the north and south Indian languages, he would find that the origin of all Indian civilization is stars from Tamil only this was written by Gilbert Slater”

The decimal system is not new to Dravidians, for the number themselves exist in tens. Romans had fives collections. Babylonians had twenties collection, likewise French twenties are existing.

The Madras presidency is the habitate of a Tamil Race whose civilization was the most ancient. A branch of Tamil Race spread a vast civilization on the Eupharates in very ancient times whose astrology, religion, love, morals and rites etc., furnished the foundation of the Asryian and Babylonian civilization and whose mythology was the source of the chiristian Bible. Another branch of them spread from the Malabar coast and gave rise to a wounderful Egyptian civilization and the Aryans are indebted to the race in many respects. – Quoted in ``Prabuddha Bharatha``

(monthly Magazine) by Swami Vivegananda. Sep. 1921.

Tamil had only more fractional numbers than any other language in the world. They were known as ‘Keezhvai’ numbers. That means less than one. Ancient Tamil people took fractions on and they were also turned to collection in the tens method.

Example:

0.625 Visam is existing as 10’s

0.2 Naaluma is existing as 10’s

0.375 Mukkani is existing as 10’s

English has only two fractional number names. They are quarter and half. But in Tamil there are many below the value of one. They are : Kaal, Arai, Ma, Kani, Visam, Immi …..etc.,

TAMIL FRACTIONAL NUMBER NAMES 64 THERTHUGA…………………….. 1 NUNMANAL 100 NUNMANAL………………………. 1 VELLAM 60 VELLAM…………………………… 1 KURALVAIBIDI 40 KURALVAIBIDI……………………. 1 KATHIRMUNAI 30 KATHIRMUNAI……………………. 1 SINTHAI 14 SINTHAI………………………….... 1 NAGAVINTHAM 17 NAGAVINTHAM………………….. 1 VINTHAM 7 VINTHAM…………………………. 1 PAGAM 6 PAGAM……………………………. 1 PANTHAM 5 PANTHAM………………………….. 1 GUNAM ONE THERTHUGAL is 1 ---------------------------------------------- 22880733836083200000000

Many arithmetic books before and after Sangam ages have been lost. The mathematical treatises of Dhamodaranar, Medhaviar, Nall achudhanar, Kaduvan Ellavaiyiniar, Kannian poongundranar, Pakkuddukai nan Kannianar etc., ……….. have mostly been lost or partly missing.

Today Tamil has language Grammar but no number Grammar now. And there is no data available.

When a particular race in the world was on the emergence of civilization, India was fully civilized. Hence it has crossed the early civilization steps prior to recorded history, that is in prehistorical times.

Those initial stages of other civilization also spread from India. Hence, while the rest of the world was struggling, India taught them how to count. From my point of view the mathematics inception also was borrowed from India by the other parts of the world.

When the people of the world were counting with confusion Dravidians were counting clearly and correctly. Their numbers flow one after another like a chain. Example. 1, 1+1=2, 2+1=3, 3+1=4, 4+1=5, 5+1=6, 6+1=7, 7+1=8, 8+1=9, 9+1=10, 10+1=11,……………..100+1=101, 1000+1=1001,……….etc.,

There are some big numbers in Tamil more than crore, They are ..SANGAM,AMPEL, KUVALAI,NEITHAL,THAMARAI,VELLAM…

SANGAM: 100000000000000

Those big numbers were used by the Astronomic scientists to measure the distance between the stars.

In mathematics India’s contribution is ‘Zero’ is Bertrand Russel said. He was not aware that it was India which gave to the world not only the cipher but also majority share of mathematics and its Grammar. We will discuss about it.

Which race invented the numerals? And how did they spread around the world? We will discuss and compare with the ancient languages like Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Aramie, Finnish, Arabic, Akkadian, Sumerian, Babylonian, Chinese, Sanskrit and Tamil.

Compared to old international numbers. Number one in Chinese and Tamil are flat lines. Roman and Arabic are Vertical. American Mayans is in the form of dot. Number two and three in Chinese and Tamil are in flat lines. Romans is in vertical lines. American Mayans have used dots. Others are in different shapes.

7,000-years-old Yangshao Culture (excavated in Henan and Shanxi Provinces) bore specially inscribed signs and marks. Most of the marks were vertical lines, while others were Z-shaped. These vertical lines are belived to be the very earliest forms of numeration in ancient China.

Shang people in China used oracle bones script before Christ. There were the earliest known Chinese numerals. The largest number inscribed on the oracle bones is 30,000 and the smallest is one. Units, tens, hundreds, thousands and ten thousands each have a specific character to represent them. In China Bronze script have also been found. In the bronze script, however compound words are written quite differently from the oracle bone script. In ancient China calculations did not directly involve the manipulation of numerals. The device used for calculations by the ancient Chinese was the counting rod.

The counting rods were small bamboo sticks known as chou which Chinese mathematicians arranged into different configurations to represent numbers before performing calculations with them. This was known as “chou suan”.

A number could thus be represented by digits arranged in vertical and horizontal forms alternately, working from right to left in the usual order of units, tens, hundreds, thousands, ten thousands, etc. This method of recording numbers is explained in “Master Sun’s Mathematical Manual”.

Example : Chinese Mathematical Stick method.

Vertical lines refer to ones and horizontal lines refer to tens.

“Units are vertical, tens are horizontal, Hundreds stand, thousands lie down; Thus thousands and tens look the same, Ten thousands and hundreds look alike”. Xiahou Yang’s “Mathematical Manual” says: Anyhow old or modern Chinese numerale do not represent the international numbers. So we left them.

In Greece separate numeral figures did not exist. Only letters served as numbers. Greek and the Arabic counting systems are known as “Hisab abjadi”. Come in counting science. These were alphabetical additive numerations. The Latin alphabets descended directly from the greek, retain the order of the Phoenician alphabet almost unchanged. Hence Greek, Hebrew, Latin, Finnish and Arabic have no numeral figures. We will discard them.

Roman numbers are entirely different and are in a class of their own. So, we cannot compare them with the modern numbers.

American mayans numbers are dots and lines. They did not change this form. So, we will stop with this.

The ancient Sumerian civilization, did not possess a general idea of number. There existed only ways of counting. In initial period the repertory of numeric signs was small. In fact all the signs were essentially built up from only four different marks of the reed: a large and small circle and a large and small notch.

Then they used cuneiform (from latin cuneus, ‘nail’ or ‘wedge’) of the writing system – including number signs. In the way the posititional system of Mesopotamian mathematics was born.

Example: When cuneiform scripts are together it is (II). If there is space between them they are referred to as (61) sixtyone. More than that there are no other numeral in Sumeria. So, this too looses the right to join the modern numerical system.

11- 61-

As can be seen from this example, the ambiguity mentioned above between 61 and 2 is resolved simply by accepting it. There is no longer any difference in the writing of the signs that make up say, 11 and 61. Both use the same sign twice . The difference is conveyed exclusively by the spacing between them that is, by giving a significance to the relative position of the two signs. The positional system of Mesopotamian mathematics was born. And this system was sexagesimal the Mesopotamians had chosen a sexagesimal system form the various system at their disposal

In the place called Indamagalam in Dharmapuri district. A.D. 12 Century two mile stones (KAVATHAKAL) were found. In one – 2 large circular hollows and 2 small circular hollows were inscribed. In the other one, they are 3 big circular hollows and 9 small circular hollows. They denote the olden Tamil miles referring to distances. They are useful even to those who are not educated. On the stones 22 and 28 in number names were also inscribed. Big hollows refers to 10 Tamil Miles Small hollow refers to 1 Tamil Mile

Ancient languages like Akkadian, Babylonion, Aramaie, Latin, Arabic, Finnish do not have any evidence of numerals in their languages. I am of the opinion that they do not have any numeral figures.

In 662 A. D. a Syriac writer, Severus Sebokt, showed that the Greeks had no monopoly on science, referred to the inventiveness of Indian scholars. The only one of their mathematical skills was that their system of reckoning using nine digits. Severus Sebokt’s comment points to the greatest advantage of this system, its economy. By reducing the symbols need for the notation of all numbers to ten—nine digits and a zero—the system achieves the ideal of economy and efficiency. Indian intellectuals were well aware of the advantages of economy. I think Severus Sebokt was aware of the Dravidian economy numbers.

We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made - Albert Einstein

India is the cradle of the human race the birth place of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great grandmother tradition. Our most valuble and most constructive materials in the history of man are treasured of in India only. - Mark Twain

If there is one place on the face of earth where all the dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of exisitance, it is India. - Romain Rolland

Before Aryans entered India and in part of Asia Dravidian languages Flourished here. Aryans were not aware of scripts. After coming to India they learnt it from the Dravidians. So, Sanskrit too has no numerals. Rig, Yajur, Athervan and sama Vedas do not have any numbers. On the contrary words and alphabets were given value as numbers.

Last of all it is only Tamil which stands apart. See the Tamil numbers in the front page. It occurred in all languages in India. See the chart in the above.

There were many more meanings for Tamil ENN (Number) in olden days. Now it has few in dictionary. See them.

Meaning for ENN

Wisdom, Mind, Simple, Arithematic, Numeral, Counsel, Numarate, Estimate, Remember , Appraise, Eight, Select, Pain, Anguish, Oil, Sesame Seed, One type of music etc.

The principales of Indian arithmetic to Arab Scholars of the eighty century. In about 774 AD an Indian scholor passing through Baghdad made known a Sanskrit book on astronomy which adopted the principles of `Indian Arithmetic`. (HISAB al-hind), and al-Fazzari`s Arabic translation of this book represented the first stage in the history of `Indian Arthemetic ` enter in the Muslim Arab empire. There one more view about this. In the 7^th and 8^th century A.D. Arabians encroached India and took away not only precious stones, Gold, and Silver but also Grammer , Arthmetic, Astronomy………… amoung those are included the numerals.Thus the way the Indian numbers art are entered into the Islamic world.

In the twelth and thirteenth century Europe, and especially at Toledo translations and compilers of Arabic books in Latin played a key role in the development in the west, comparable to that played by the Baghdad Scholors and translators in the Islamic world.

Then the numerals also spread in European countries. The British looked at its simplicity and utilized it for their merchandise as well as exchequer, and many other parts of the world followed. Some other European nations also took part to spread a little. As it was good for all these it was used all over the world. The numbers have only 10 Figures (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0). This economy and lightness is easy to use. So the world accepted it.

The ancient riped civilization of Tamil Nadu has given many arts to the world. Out of those the international numeral are one. This is the basic science of all in and out of universal.

POST SCRIPT

I was just five or six years old at that time. I had stepped into the Primary School. First year was over. Then I entered into second class. I bought mathematics table book. When I opened the first page I was astonished to see a fantasy there.

On the Left side of the book there were numerals from 1 to 10. (I think it was referred as English numbers and not as anything else). In the opposite side within squares there were Tamil numerals. When there was beautiful English why should ugly Tamil be there. That sounded funny to me.

Day by day I became used to Tamil numerals. None the less the teachers never taught us the Tamil numerals.

As days passed by, a thought arose in me about the similarity between both numerals. I told my friends about it. There was no reply. On the other hand a sarcastic smile on their faces was the reply. Still others looked at me as if it was foolish and questioned me. This doubt remained in me for long period.

I studied further and went on to high School. The thought about Tamil numerals left me for some time. But used to reccur at intervals. I finished high school and joined Government service

Once or twice the same thought struck me at intervals. Some years rolled away. One day I happened to look at the Tamil numerals. Once again the same thought gripped me.

From one to ten, I required Tamil numerals. Where shall I start searching? I went to see a Tamil scholar. He told that he did not remember. I spoke to a mathematician. He sent me away empty handed. I met a few more people. None of them could help me. It was no use.

Out of the numerous people, I enquired one friend went to an old astrologer and brought the numerals. And out of those were some fractional numerals too. I looked at the same with fresh ideas following a new from the old thoughts. I compared them. What I thought earlier was correct. Apart from 1,6 and 9 the rest of the three numerals, I felt were the international numbers hiden in the Tamil’s one. You see here the chart below which show the prime reason.

The similarity that existed between the two made me meditate further. Has the one developed from the other? O.K. but which one developed first? I searched for clues. They were not available.

I wrote to many magazines what I thought about the numerals. It was not accepted. why? why? why? ………… the thoughts bothered me endlessly, for days and nights together.

I further rewrote the article and sent it to an international magazine. Its Madras branch does not consider selection written in Tamil. This was a great blow to me.

The soup was red hot and sealded my tongue and I had to leave it a while. My dreams were shattered to bits and pieces and my thoughts once again bothered me. Some nights passed without sleep. I was caught in mid sea in a squll. How to the shore?

There were no limits to my quest. The pain pricks were sharp and long. In the end I decided to make a booklet. I would like to say a few words about Tamil. It is a prehistorical language. It did not belong to karnaparambara. (Only known by hearing and speaking). It had script even before history could be remembered.

Enba, Enmanar, Mozhi Manar, Yappari Pulavar were already referred by the Author grammarian Tholkappiyar. Hence it denoted that books on grammar were written before Tholkappiyar. That Indusvalley civilization and its scripts belongs to Tamil Dravidian culture was what Eros the priest writes. Some agree with this view and some disagree.

In the beginning they wrote on palm leaf. Later they inscribed on rock. Of the ancient arcehaological evidence in India two-thirds are from Tamil Nadu. None the less the Tamil People did not leave much evidence of themselves.

Tamil, world’s oldest language, still has the ability to gain newer and newer words and grown. The same cannot be applied to other languages in the world. Tamil is adding new aspects depending on the growth of science and gaining rich culture. Tamil has the world most widest roots. English and other western languages have to depend on Latin Greek, and Hebrew. Tamil depends on itself for new words. Thus speaks American linguistic scholar “Emenu”.

There are some doubts about the olden history. Let me tell about my surmise.

¨ Dravidians have not come from the Meditterranean. Their mother land is

Lemuria.

¨ Australians, Africans, Lemurians are one single race.

¨ The Lemurian concept of God, Medicine, Astronomy, Astrology and many more arts, come a head of many other concepts of the world.

¨ The Ariyans did not discover script any part of the world and also in India.

¨ The Lemuriyan Tamil letters were called “BRAHMI”. Thus it went to the north.

It was called “North Brahmi”

¨ The Tamil grammar was a gift to other grammars of world languages.

¨ Tamils script spread all over India and to many other parts of East Asia also.

¨ The unity of north and south India was done by Dravidians. This Unity continued till today: even after the mixture of Aryans and Dravidians.

¨ Ancient Tamils taught science to the world.

I approached many others for the translation of my article. Nobody came forward. My heart sank. Work delayed. Nights become longer. But still daylight will come at its end. I kept my dreams with myself and waited. One unexpected turn came to my turmoil. Some one even without my asking for translated. I was glad and full of surprise. The person who did this was Dr. L. Rajalakshmi, M.B.B.S, M.S.D.D., Professor of Anatomy formerly of Madras Medical College, Chennai. My heart felt thanks to her. I received some news from Unesco courier My thanks to them.

VEERAN GOPAL,

146/3-66 JEEVA STREET,

JAGIR AMMAPALAYAM,

SALEM-TAMILNADU – INDIA.

CELL PHONE: 9442568945.

DATE: 7-06-2010

E-Mail id: veeran.gopal@yahoo.in